Unraveling the anthelmintic efficacy of Curcuma amada Roxb. extract: A multi-modal mechanistic study against Raillietina spp. infection

The current study describes the cellular impact of Curcuma amada Roxb. extract on the poultry tapeworm Raillietina spp. The ethanolic crude extract (ECE) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) were evaluated for their anthelmintic efficacy other than Curcumin and compared to the conventional drug praziquantel (PZQ). Phytochemical analysis of the EAF using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) identified key bioactive compounds, with [2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol] being the most prominent. Single-cell suspensions from the parasite were treated with ECE and PZQ, and subsequent assays revealed significant DNA damage, mitochondrial membrane destabilization, loss of lysosomal membrane integrity, and reduced cell viability. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy confirmed extensive ultrastructural damage to both external and internal tissues. Furthermore, cytological examination showed structural alterations in encapsulated eggs after ECE treatment, suggesting a reduction in infectivity. Overall, these findings highlight the promising anthelmintic potential of Curcuma amada rhizome extracts, mediated through profound subcellular and morphological disruption.