The drag coefficient components of prolate spheroids based on the force element theory at finite Reynolds numbers

Based on the force element theory, the drag on spheroids is decomposed into volume and surface elements, establishing a quantitative linkage between flow structures and forces. This approach identifies key drag source regions. The surface element distribution can determine the separation angle at high angles of attack, and the effects of key parameters on both elements are analyzed. A deep neural-network-based predictive model for both elements is developed. This study is expected to provide theoretical guidance for drag-reduction strategies of spheroids.