Online 2D-LC-Q-TOF/MS and MALDI-MSI techniques were employed to elucidate the spatial distribution and metabolic regulation of the active components of Smilax glabra Roxb in the kidneys of hyperuricemia rats

Smilax glabra Roxb (SGR) is a Chinese herbal remedy that originates from both medicinal and culinary traditions. It is known for its beneficial effects, such as reducing inflammation, lowering uric acid levels, and protecting the cardiovascular system. Nonetheless, no research has been performed to ascertain if SGR enhances uric acid excretion through the regulation of lipid metabolism in the body. Consequently, we examined the differential metabolites in the renal tissues of rats following oral administration of SGR extract, employing metabolomics alongside MALDI-MSI, to further elucidate the processes by which SGR reduces uric acid levels. The findings revealed that SGR markedly decreased serum concentrations of uric acid, creatinine, and urea nitrogen, illustrating its renoprotective effects. Metabolomic study revealed 21 unique metabolites, predominantly linked to purine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism. MALDI-MSI studies indicated that eight chemicals linked to purine metabolic pathways in rat kidneys demonstrated substantial alterations after SGR treatment. The substances comprised triglycerides (4 DG), glycerophospholipids (2 PE, 2 PC, and 2 PS), and sphingolipids (6 Cer). The data suggest that SGR can regulate hyperuricemia by influencing multiple substances and pathways. This study offers theoretical validation for the application of SGR in addressing metabolic diseases and renal impairment linked to hyperuricemia, establishing a foundation for subsequent investigations into its therapeutic efficacy. • SGR can effectively reduce plasma UA, CRE, and BUN levels and alleviate kidney damage. • Using the online 2D-LC Q-TOF-MS technique, it was found that SGR can regulate renal purine metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism in HUA rats. • Application of MALDI-MSI in endogenous and exogenous molecular mass spectrometry imaging of rat kidneys after SGR administration.