The Multifaceted Potential of Adhatoda vasica Nees: Traditional Uses, Pharmacological Activities and Biotechnological Applications

Adhatoda vasica (L.), (A. vasica) commonly known as the malabar nut, belongs to the Acanthaceae family and has been extensively used in ayurveda and unani medicine for treating respiratory ailments such as asthma, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. This evergreen shrub is widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia, with its phytochemical composition contributing to its therapeutic properties. The plant is rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, with vasicine and vasicinone being the primary bioactive compounds responsible for its medicinal efficacy. Phytochemical analysis of A. vasica has identified several secondary metabolites, including quercetin, kaempferol, and apigenin, which exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. Recent Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) studies have highlighted the presence of diverse bioactive compounds in methanolic and hexane extracts, further reinforcing its pharmacological significance. Clinical studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in treating respiratory disorders, with comparable or superior outcomes to conventional treatments. Additionally, A. vasica has shown promise in cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and anti-tubercular applications, with minimal adverse effects. Despite its widespread medicinal use, overharvesting and habitat destruction have placed A. vasica under the category of threatened species in India. The transcriptome analysis of A. vasica identified 171,064 transcripts corresponding to 55,528 genes. These genes are associated with key biosynthetic pathways. Therefore this review emphasizes the need for sustainable cultivation practices and biotechnological interventions to preserve its availability for medicinal use. While its traditional applications remain invaluable, further clinical trials are essential to validate its efficacy and safety for broader therapeutic applications. By integrating traditional knowledge with modern biotechnological advancements, A. vasica has the potential to become a significant contributor to the pharmaceutical industry.