Large language models in artificial intelligence to answer patient questions in spine surgery: an evaluation of current evidence

LLMs show promising utility for patient education in spine surgery for addressing frequently asked questions. However, challenges in readability, accuracy, and standardization limit their current clinical adoption. Moving forward, studies must incorporate standardized evaluation tools, address high rate of content hallucination, and focus on chatbot performance in personalized scenarios. Cross-disciplinary collaboration is essential to ensure safe, accessible integration into neurosurgical care pathways.