Prevalence and related factors for pre-hypertension and hypertension amongst school going adolescents in a rural area of central India: a cross-sectional study

Background: Adolescence is a critical period of rapid growth and development, marked by significant physical and metabolic changes. During this stage, many risk factors for adult diseases begin to emerge. In India, both undernutrition and increasing rates of overweight and obesity among adolescents have become important public health concerns. Rising obesity levels are associated with an increased prevalence of high blood pressure in this age group, which may persist into adulthood and contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Early identification through regular monitoring of blood pressure, height, and weight, along with promotion of healthy lifestyle practices, is essential to prevent these long-term health problems. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescents studying in randomly selected government schools in a rural area of central India. Age was determined using birth dates recorded in school registration records. Information from each student was collected using a pretested questionnaire. All eligible adolescents were included in the study through universal sampling. Results: Adolescents aged 15-16 years constituted the majority of participants, with females slightly predominating. The prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension was 15.92% and 9.95%, respectively. Higher BMI, frequent consumption of junk or salty foods, physical inactivity, and a family history of hypertension showed a statistically significant association with elevated blood pressure. Conclusions: A considerable proportion of rural adolescents had pre-hypertension or hypertension. Elevated blood pressure was significantly associated with modifiable lifestyle factors and nutritional status. Early screening, health education, and school-based interventions promoting healthy diet, regular physical activity, and weight management are essential to prevent future cardiovascular morbidity.