Multi-omics identifies a T2DM-associated immune-regulatory network modulated by electroacupuncture

Background Recent studies suggest a link between immune-related processes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), yet the specific genes and mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the mechanistic relationship by integrating multi-omics data. Methods We identified T2DM-associated candidate genes through summary data-based Mendelian Randomization (SMR) and colocalization analyses using immune-related QTL data and large-scale GWAS data. We then functionally validated key genes in a high-fat diet-induced T2DM mouse model, assessing gene expression and the therapeutic effects of electroacupuncture (EA) using RT-qPCR. Results SMR and colocalization analyses identified PLXNB2 and LTBP3 as core candidate genes associated with T2DM. In the T2DM mouse model, we not only confirmed the abnormal expression of Plxnb2 and Ltbp3 but also observed coordinated changes in key upstream/downstream molecules, such as TGF-β , revealing a functional immune regulatory network. Importantly, EA intervention significantly modulated the expression of the entire network, including Plxnb2 , Ltbp3 , and TGF-β , confirming their functional relevance. Conclusions Integrating large-scale human genetic data with in vivo validation, our study highlights the significance of immune-related genes—particularly LTBP3 , PLXNB2 , TGF-β , and IgA —in T2DM pathogenesis. The modulation of these genes by EA treatment provides direct evidence for the molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effect on T2DM.