Theoretical justification of territorial-political division in a federal state and its reform

The relevance of the study is determined by the necessity of searching for optimal models of the spatial organization of power in the context of the permanent transformation of federal states. Global challenges and internal socioeconomic disparities require continuous scientific understanding of the mechanisms of territorial-political division capable of ensuring a balance between centralization, regional autonomy, and territorial integrity. The purpose is to propose scientifically grounded criteria and approaches to optimizing the TPD system that contribute to improving governance efficiency, strengthening the legitimacy of power, and ensuring the long-term political stability of federal states. The objectives include: systematizing theories and principles of federalism; identifying factors that determine the choice of TPD models; conducting a comparative analysis of Russian and foreign experiences; assessing the political prerequisites for TPD reform; and substantiating the author's concept for TPD reform (modeling). Methodology. The research is based on an interdisciplinary approach utilizing general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and specific scientific methods. Key methods employed were comparative law and political science analysis, which allowed for the comparison of various models of federalism (USA, Germany, India, Russia) and the evaluation of their functionality. Results. The conducted analysis revealed that none of the existing TPD models are universal. The concept of "adaptive functionalism" is substantiated, postulating the need for flexible adaptation of the territorial structure to changing conditions. It is demonstrated that TPD reform serves as a tool for strategic management of political risks and enhancing public policy effectiveness. Conclusion. Optimal TPD in a federal state requires a continuous search for a balance between unification and diversification, considering historical, ethno-cultural, and economic factors. The proposed concept of "adaptive functionalism" provides a theoretical framework for designing sustainable and effective systems of public administration in modern federations.