Characterization of Soil Physical and Chemical Properties of Profile Pits in Yamaltu Deba Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria

This study was conducted during the 2024 dry season to characterize the physical and chemical properties of soils from profile pits in Yamaltu Deba Local Government Area (LGA), Gombe State, Nigeria. Ten representative soil profile pits were excavated to depths of 150–215 cm at Kwadon, Dadinkowa, Kanawa, Wajari, Zambuk, Baure, Kwali, Boltongo, Deba, and Jangerigeri. Soil profiles were described following FAO/ISSS guidelines, and horizon-based samples were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. The result revealed that loamy sand texture dominated the surface horizons and clay accumulation (up to 57.76%) at subsurface horizons. Bulk density ranged from 1.38 g cm⁻³ in the Ap horizon to 1.79 g cm⁻³ in subsurface horizons, while total porosity decreased from 47.92% to 32.45%. Soil pH varied from moderately acidic (pH 5.53) to strongly alkaline (pH 8.87). Higher surface organic carbon and total nitrogen contents were observed in Baure, Boltongo, and Zambuk, whereas Kwali and Kwadon recorded the lowest values. Available phosphorus was highest in Boltongo and Baure but low in Kwadon and deeper horizons across all locations. Exchangeable calcium and magnesium dominated the exchange complex, particularly in Baure, Wajari, and Deba, while cation exchange capacity ranged from 4.13 cmol kg⁻¹ in Kwadon to 13.12 cmol kg⁻¹ in Zambuk. It is therefore recommended that soil exhibit moderate fertility constraints an integrated soil fertility management practices for sustainable agricultural productivity should be adopted in the study area.