A Narrative Review of Antioxidant, Anti‐Inflammatory, Anti‐Apoptotic, Immunomodulatory, and Anticancer Properties of <scp> <i>Rosa damascena</i> Mill. </scp>

ABSTRACT Rosa damascena Mill. ( R. damascena or Damask rose) has long been valued for its aromatic and medicinal properties. Recent scientific interest has focused on its pharmacological potential, particularly in the fields of oxidative stress modulation, inflammation control, apoptosis regulation, immune system modulation, and cancer therapy. This narrative review aims to consolidate existing evidence on the therapeutic effects of R. damascena , highlighting its mechanisms of action and potential clinical applications. In vitro and in vivo studies were gathered through searches of Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, without time restrictions until the end of August 2025. Relevant literature was screened on antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐apoptotic, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities of R. damascena . R. damascena exerts its biological effects through a rich array of phytochemicals that interact with key cellular pathways. Mechanistically, its antioxidant activity is mediated by direct free radical scavenging and activation of the Nrf2 signaling axis, leading to enhanced expression of endogenous defense enzymes. Anti‐inflammatory effects are achieved through suppression of NF‐κB and COX‐2, while apoptosis regulation involves mitochondrial stabilization and modulation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways. It demonstrates selective cytotoxicity toward malignant cells, suggesting its potential as an adjuvant in cancer therapy. Its immunomodulatory function, including dendritic cell maturation and T‐cell regulation, further support its role in managing autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. R. damascena emerges as a pharmacologically resourceful botanical with promising therapeutic applications. However, methodological inconsistencies and limited clinical data underscore the need for standardized formulations, rigorous human trials, and deeper mechanistic studies to fully translate its potential into modern medical practice.