Software implementation of molecular clock and deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing methods

This article presents the development and implementation of software models of two key biological processes: molecular clocks and Sanger deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing. The mathematical foundations of molecular clocks, including a probabilistic model of mutation accumulation in neutral deoxyribonucleic acid regions, are analyzed. The influence of various algorithm parameters on the accuracy of species divergence time determination is investigated. A relationship is identified between the percentage of genetic differences and combinations of mutation time and rate parameters. The principles of dideoxy deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing and their computer implementation are studied. Optimal conditions for efficient nucleotide sequence determination are determined. The influence of labeled nucleotide concentration on sequencing accuracy is established. Cross-platform implementations in Visual Basic for Applications and Python are developed using various data processing approaches. Algorithms for searching for molecular clock parameters and simulating the deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing process are developed. The choice of validation methods and verification of the correctness of software implementations is substantiated. Comparative characteristics of two implementation approaches are presented, along with an estimation of their performance and computational accuracy.