One-Pot Methods for Obtaining Photocatalysts Based on β-C3N4 and g-C3N4 Modified with Titanium and Copper Oxides

In this paper, we present one-pot methods for synthesizing β- and g-C3N4 composites with titanium and copper oxides using underwater plasma and solution combustion techniques. The resulting structures were characterized using a range of complementary analytical methods. Analysis revealed that solution combustion produces composites containing mixed-phase titanium dioxide and Cu4O3, whereas plasma incorporation results in the integration of Cu and Ti ions, forming a composite based on copper oxide and copper titanate. These composites were successfully evaluated for the photocatalytic degradation of a mixture of three dyes under both UV and visible light irradiation. Composites synthesized via solution combustion exhibited remarkable photocatalytic activity toward all three dyes. The rates of photodecomposition of dyes in the presence of composites are 1.5–2.5 times higher compared to pure C3N4. Furthermore, all composite materials demonstrated high stability in photocatalytic performance after six cycles.