The Utility of Machine Learning-Enhanced Developmental Cascade Models in Prevention Science

Abstract Developmental cascade models provide a valuable framework for understanding how risk and protective factors interact over time to shape health and behavioral outcomes. Traditional statistical methods, such as logistic regression and structural equation modeling, have been instrumental in uncovering developmental pathways within prevention science. However, these methods often impose constraints on model complexity and face limitations in capturing the non-linear and interdependent nature of developmental processes. Machine learning (ML) offers complementary advantages, such as the ability to incorporate high-dimensional data, detect complex interactions, and enhance predictive accuracy. These capabilities can improve identification of at-risk individuals, support the timing of interventions across developmental stages, and refine theory-driven models. By integrating ML with developmental cascade models, researchers can more effectively identify when and how which risk accumulates and protective factors exert influence, thereby improving the tailoring and efficiency of prevention strategies. This conceptual paper outlines how ML can extend traditional analytic approaches in developmental cascade research, discusses key practical considerations for researchers including data requirements, software selection, and model validation, and highlights its potential to advance prevention science across the life course.