Local educational autonomy and student achievement: Constructing a state-level school district autonomy index in the United States

Drawing on data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the National Center for Education Statistics, and state property tax indicators, the analysis employs exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical regression to assess the relationship between district autonomy and student achievement. Results suggest that fiscal flexibility and administrative discretion are positively associated with higher mathematics and SAT performance, whereas punitive oversight mechanisms correlate negatively with performance. These findings underscore that autonomy enhances educational effectiveness only when accompanied by institutional capacity and accountability. By providing a replicable framework for measuring school district autonomy, this study advances empirical understanding of decentralization in K–12 education and offers policymakers a measurement framework for balancing local discretion with equitable governance.