Sarcopenia as a Prognostic Marker of Early Mortality After Surgery for Acute Aortic Dissection: A Prospective Cohort Study

Introduction: Perioperative factors can significantly accelerate the development of sarcopenia in patients with aortic dissection, weakening their metabolic and functional reserves. Progressive sarcopenia after surgery is associated with a worse prognosis, increased mortality, and a higher risk of complications, which makes its early diagnosis and prevention key elements of care for this group of patients. Methods: The study included 116 patients hospitalized from April 2022 to May 2025 due to aortic dissection. Prospective studies were conducted using standardized tools as well as clinical data. The effect of blood transfusion, grip strength as measured with a hand dynamometer, and survival of patients after aortic dissection 3 months postoperatively were evaluated. Results: In the group of patients with a high risk of stroke, completely dependent and suffering from insomnia, transfusions were used significantly more often. SGA scores, CHA2DS2-VA score, and Barthel scale scores were dependent on the level of pain at discharge. Grip strength was significantly higher among patients who survived 3 months. The differences reached statistical significance on the second postoperative day. Conclusion: The results indicate that malnutrition is a key factor in the clinical condition of patients, increasing the risk of sarcopenia, stroke, and the severity of insomnia. At the same time, a higher degree of malnutrition is associated with reduced functional independence, which in turn affects the patient’s overall condition. The study found that malnutrition is a key factor in worsening the clinical condition of patients with aortic dissection, increasing the risk of sarcopenia, stroke and exacerbation of insomnia. The relationship between lower self-reliance and higher insomnia levels underscores the complex interplay among nutritional status, physical functioning, and sleep quality.