Self-organization processes as applied to some issues of nanotechnology

Background. The transition to the practical development of nanometer technologies necessitates the analysis of self-organization processes occurring during the development of the corresponding technological processes. Aim. To analyze existing concepts of self-organization in nanotechnology and develop recommendations for their practical use. Methods. A review of experimental studies and theoretical concepts on the role of self-organization processes as applied to certain problems and issues of nanotechnology. The issues related to the emergence of self-organized structures, the role of open systems, the need for a certain power of action ensuring the transition of the system to the nonlinear region, which is usually called the region far from equilibrium, are considered. The possibilities of the transition of spontaneous self-organization of disordered motion, which can be defined as a chaotic state, to a new order through the growth of fluctuations, as well as the issues of the formation of a highly nonequilibrium state of a solid are discussed. The correspondence between experimental studies and theoretical concepts regarding the hierarchy of self-organized structures corresponding to the principles of the multilevel concept of the structure and organization of matter is considered. The possibility is assessed that if self-organized and self-organizing systems exhibit these properties at various scale levels, they should be considered fractal, which, in principle, does not contradict the multilevel concept of the structure of matter. Issues related to the initiation of self-organization processes due to the impact on various structures of electromagnetic radiation, both scattered and tightly focused, both chaotic and specially structured, problems of microwave radiation and microwave chemistry, and pulsed magnetic fields are discussed. Results. The phenomena of dissipative resonance, graphoepitaxy, kinetic action, electromagnetic acoustic transformation, electromagnetic waves of the extremely high frequency range, and several others are considered as possible mechanisms of self-organization. Experimental studies on the initiation of self-organization processes under the influence of structured electromagnetic radiation are analyzed. Conclusion. Interest in self-organization mechanisms and their practical applications, particularly those related to the direct study of the nanoworld and the nanoscale state of matter, is increasingly important in the practical and technological aspects of nanoelectronics and nanotechnology, but the development of theoretical concepts is also crucial. Moreover, the more our understanding of the nanoworld evolves, the greater the frontier line separating the explored from the unknown.