Serum MiRNA signatures in insulin resistance: toward personalized diabetes prediction

The rising prevalence of insulin resistance and its progression to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) necessitates effective early-prediction strategies. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) modulate key insulin-signaling pathways and may serve as non-invasive biomarkers for metabolic dysfunction. MiRNA signatures, such as miR-103/107, miR-126-5p, miR-181b, miR-29a-3p, and miR-375-3p, have been associated with insulin resistance in populations from Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia. Integrating mechanistic insight, diagnostic application, and multi-miRNA network analysis advances the field toward personalized diabetes prediction. However, current research is limited by small cohorts, heterogeneous methodologies, crosssectional designs, and ethnic underrepresentation. Translating miRNA profiling into clinical practice requires standardized protocols, multinational longitudinal studies, and interventional validation. Such approaches could enable targeted preventive interventions and inform precision medicine strategies in insulin-resistant populations. Current evidence remains exploratory and should be interpreted cautiously until validated in large-scale, longitudinal studies .