THE INSTITUTE OF STATE OF EMERGENCY IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF PRE-REVOLUTIONARY, SOVIET AND MODERN LEGISLATION

Based on the historical-legal and comparative-legal methods, the article examines the evolution of the institute of state of emergency in Russia from the late 19th century to the present. Legal acts of the Russian Empire, the Soviet period and the modern Russian Federation are analyzed, revealing the conceptual foundations, introduction mechanisms, competence of authorities, restrictions of rights and guarantees of their protection. Special attention is paid to the problem of balance between the need for rapid response to extraordinary threats and the risk of arbitrary expansion of executive power. The work uses both published normative materials and archival documents, works of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern legal scholars. The conclusion is substantiated about the continuity of some elements of the Russian model of state of emergency, as well as about a significant strengthening of constitutional guarantees of individual rights in the modern period while maintaining a number of unresolved problems.