Shadow platform economy as an environment for committing export control crimes: an economic and legal study

The article examines the shadow platform economy as an environment that generates new types of threats in the sphere of export control. The authors analyze the economic mechanisms of digital platforms that create conditions for the illicit trafficking of dual-use goods and technologies and investigate the legal aspects of qualifying the relevant crimes under Articles 189 and 226.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The methodological framework comprises a systems approach, institutional analysis, and comparative legal methods. The study identifies the main types of shadow platform structures facilitating the circumvention of export control regimes: decentralized marketplaces, cryptocurrency payment infrastructures, anonymous logistics intermediaries, and platforms for the transfer of intangible technologies. It is established that the current regulatory framework of the Russian Federation is not fully adapted to the specifics of the digital environment, in which export control subjects acquire networked, transnational, and anonymous characteristics. Measures are proposed to improve economic and legal mechanisms for combating export control crimes, considering the platform nature of modern shadow markets.