A comprehensive review on gelatin: Understanding impact of the sources, extraction methods, and modifications on potential packaging applications

Gelatin is one of the most widely used hydrocolloids; mammalian, poultry, and fish wastes are an exciting source for gelatin production. The market size of gelatin will reach 5.0 billion USD by 2025 due to the consumption perspective of gelatin in today's market. The gelatin market is predicted to reach 6.7 billion USD at the end of 2027 with a 9.29 CAGR rate, being a vital constituent of the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and packaging industries owing to its foaming, emulsifying, gelling, and filmogenic properties. In the packaging sector, gelatin-based films and coatings are gaining importance owing to their eco-friendly nature. The gelatin source, amino acid composition, and extraction method play a prominent role in its packaging properties. In order to improve the packaging properties of gelatin further, physical, chemical, enzymatic, and irradiation-based modifications play an significant role. This paper reviews the impact of sources, extraction, and gelatin modifications on improvements of gelatin as packaging material, and provides detailed information on gelatin films/coatings in the shelf-life extension of food products.