Ginger (Zingiber officinale) leaf extract promotes secretion of cytokines and natural killer cell activity in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed rats

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased interest in natural products with immune-enhancing properties. Ginger leaf extract (GLE) was investigated for its immunomodulatory effects in immunosuppressed rats. Rutin, a key bioactive compound, was identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Rats received various GLE concentrations, and immune responses were evaluated through hematological, biochemical, cellular, and histological analyses. GLE intake increased white blood cell and lymphocyte counts, enhanced splenocyte proliferation, and elevated splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity. Furthermore, serum pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ) and immunoglobulin G levels were significantly increased. Although body, thymus, and spleen weights were unaffected, GLE improved splenic architecture and immune-related mechanisms. These findings demonstrate that GLE enhances immune function by stimulating cytokine production and NK cell activity, suggesting potential immunotherapeutic and anticancer applications. • Ginger leaf extract (GLE) exhibited significant immunomodulatory effects in an immunosuppressed rat model. • Rutin, identified as the principal bioactive compound, enhanced splenocyte proliferation, NK cell activity, and cytokine secretion. • GLE administration improved splenic architecture and immune-related pathways without affecting systemic or organ weights. • These findings suggest GLE as a potential natural candidate for immunotherapeutic and anticancer applications.